Essay about The History of Computers - 1316 Words

The first ever computer was invented in the 1820s by Charlse Babbage. However the first electronic digital computer were developed between 1940 and 1945 in the United States and in the United Kingdom. They were gigantic, originally the size of a large room, and also need to be supply a large amount of power source which is equivalent as several hundred modern personal computers. The history of computer hardware covers the developments from simple devices to aid calculation, to mechanical calculators, punched card data processing and on to modern stored program computers. The tools or mechanical tool used to help in calculation are called calculators while the machine operator that help in calculations is called computer. At first the†¦show more content†¦UNIVAC 1 was created to process data like Herman Hollerith’s tabulator over 50 years before, however UNIVAC 1 was then manufactured for other users and become the world’s first large scale commercial computer. The key period of the evolution of modern electronic computer is in between the late 1930s and the early 1950s. Not all of them were invented by the mathematician or physician. Among those machines were pioneering computers put together by english academics notably Manchester/Ferrenti Mark 1, built at Manchester University by Frederic Williams and Thomas Kilburn. And the EDSAC, Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator built by Maurice Wilkes at Cambridge University. The microelectronic revolution started when they were using the vacuum tubes it consume a lot of power supply. As a comparison the ENIAC used about 2000 times as much electricity as the modern laptop. Not just that, the modern term for a problem that holds up a computer program is a â€Å"bug†. Popular legend has it that this word entered the vocabulary of computer programmers sometimes in the 1950s when moths, attracted by the glowing lights of vacuum tubes, flew inside machines and caused a short circuit. I n order to create more advance computer, would have needed hundreds of thousands or even millions of tubes, which would have beenShow MoreRelatedHistory : The History Of Computers1631 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Computers What is the history behind the computers we use in an everyday life? Most of us don t ask ourselves this question. But if it wasn t for the people who came up with these first inventions, we wouldn t have had the experience of this acknowledgment that we have today. Over the centuries computers have been evolving, becoming more and more advanced and equipped for the utilization of personal matter. What many of us don t know, is that the beginning of computers goesRead MoreHistory of Computers875 Words   |  4 PagesHistory of Computers Table of Contents Table of ContentsÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…Â….2 AbstractÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…Â…3 Body of ResearchÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….4 - 6 ConclusionÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â….Â…7 BibliographyÂ…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…Â…..8 Abstract This project explains the history of computers, starting from Howard Aikens Harvard Mark I to present day time. Although I have not gone over all of the models in my report, I have chosen those which I feel have had the greatest effect on the computer world. I will show how in just forty years, computersRead MoreThe History of Computers1731 Words   |  7 PagesThe History of Computers Whether you know it or not you depend on computers for almost every thing you do in modern day life. From the second you get up in the morning to the second you go to sleep computer are tied into what you do and use in some way. It is tied in to you life in the most obvious and obscure ways. Take for example you wake up in the morning usually to a digital alarm clock. You start you car it uses computers the second you turn the key (General Motors is the largest buyersRead MoreHistory of the Computer1148 Words   |  5 PagesThe History of the Computer Long before computers were invented, humans realized the need for them. The history of the Computer started about 2000 years ago with the abacus. It is a wooden rack holding two horizontal wires with beads strung on them and was one of the best calculating machines until the seventeenth century (PBS, 1). In 1835, English inventor, Charles Babbage came up with the idea of the Analytical Machine, a general purpose, fully programmed-controlled, automatic mechanical digitalRead MoreHistory of Computer1341 Words   |  6 PagesHISTORY OF COMPUTER THE PRE-MECHANICAL AGE: 3000 B.C. – 1450 A.D. 1. Writing and Alphabets – Communication First development of signs corresponding to spoken sounds, instead of pictures, to express words. Around 2000 B.C., Phoenicians created symbols that expressed single syllables and consonants (the first true alphabet) The Greeks later adopted the Phoenician alphabet and added vowels; the Romans gave the letters Latin names to create the alphabet we use today. 2. PaperRead MoreHistory of Computers1887 Words   |  8 PagesHistory of Computers ENG 121 The volume and use of computers in the world are so great, they have become difficult to ignore anymore. Computers appear to us in so many ways that many times, we fail to see them as they actually are. People associated with a computer when they purchased their morning coffee at the vending machine. As they drove themselves to work, the traffic lights that so often hampered us are controlled by computers in an attempt to speed the journey. Accept it or not, the computerRead MoreA Brief History of Computers1103 Words   |  4 PagesComputers have been around for a very long time. Going back in history, some people believe that the abacus was the true first computer. The first abacus is believed to come into existence between 2700–2300 BC and was created by the Sumerians so that they could count faster, and has evolved through the years. The term â€Å"computer† came out around 1613. People who performed computations or calculations were often referred to as computers. One of the first major counting problems in history was the CensusRead MoreThe History And How Of Computers915 Words   |  4 PagesThe History and How of Computers Everything you do on a computer or phone is meticulously programmed. Surfing the web requires HTML, CSS, JavaScript, JQuery, and PHP. Lines upon lines written such as â€Å"$temp = password_hash($object-password, PASSWORD_BCRYPT);†. The binary zeros and ones of machine code turn into video games, websites, and programs such as what you are using right now to read this. The age of information was brought forth by the ability to access all known information and share newRead MoreTechnology : History Of Computers1924 Words   |  8 PagesTechnology: History of Computers Computers have taking a huge chunk of our everyday lives. If it be using a smartphone or any other type of technology. Computers have influenced a revolution in the way we live. But it was not always like this, before computers became a necessity, very few people had them in their houses. Only the people that could afford these big clunks of metal had them. As time would go by and technology grew a computer would find a home in everyone’s household. The history of computersRead MoreThe History Of Ibm Computers Essay1811 Words   |  8 Pages The history of IBM computers began in 1943, when the company created Mark I weighing nearly 4.5 tons (Yost 25). Already in 1952, the first big lamp computer IBM 701 appeared, and in 1959, IBM introduced the first transistor computers which reached such a level of reliability and performance that the U.S. Air Force found it possible to apply them in the early warning system of air defense (Yost 27-35). IBM is also the developer of the first general purpose computers, first computers with a byte-addressable

William Shakespeare s Twelfth Night - 2005 Words

The question of â€Å"Feminist Criticism maintains that literature consistently tends to reassert women as second or other, as the passive object to man’s more active and powerful subject. Think about the role that gender plays in Shakespeare’s work. Focus on Twelfth Night or King Lear—or discuss both plays together. Do you see these patterns repeated? Or do you see them being challenged and somehow undermined (implicitly or explicitly) in the plots and language of the play s)?† wants to know if Shakespeare wanted to break the pattern of women being passive objects to men in the literature. In the story Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare all of the roles are played by men. In the fifteenth century the women could not be involved in a play of that sort. In my opinion the idea of women being second or other as a passive object to a man’s more active and powerful subject is somewhat challenged as well as included in this piece of writing. I feel that William Shakespeare wrote this and made the men in the play seem to be homosexual because it was showing that the men were taking the â€Å"woman s place†. It is showing that a woman were not allowed the same rights as a man was. Author Judith Newmark states â€Å"But today, even all-male productions of Shakespeare -- such as director Joe Calarco s heart-rending, four-man version of Romeo and Juliet,(Newmark). In showing that men were the only ones allowed to be in a play of this caliber many people feel as if it is pushing womenShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1967 Words   |  8 Pages William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Twelfth Night† or â€Å"What You Will† was written around 1601-1602 with the primary performance being in February 1602. It is known to be a high point of Shakespearian comedy as it is one of Shakespeare’s finest works. Twelfth night was written to commemorate the close of the Christmas season being possibl y one of the first ever holiday specials, kind of like the Middle Ages version of â€Å"Love Actually†. The play centres on the twins Viola and Sebastian, who are separated duringRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night947 Words   |  4 PagesLove affection Recently, I’ve been reading an intriguing play, Twelfth Night, which was written by William Shakespeare. What interests me in this play most is the fact that there are a lot of love interests. Duke Orsino is greatly attracted to a gentlewoman called Olivia. However, despite his attempts to court her, she rejects his approaches as she claims to be in a period of mourning for her dead brother which has been going on for seven years. Olivia forms a tight friendship with Viola, a womanRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night Essay2147 Words   |  9 Pagesaffection for another person,† love takes on many forms throughout life and literature (Merriam-Webster). Through its passionate drama and witty repartee, Twelfth Night, by William Shakespeare, explores the intricate, and often complicated, realm of interpersonal love. By tracing the intertwining storylines of four unique characters, Shakespeare communicates the futility of self-love, the desperation of hopeless love, and the immeasurable virtue of selfless love. An after-effect of human’s sinfulRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1436 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is perhaps one of the most famous writers of English literature. His writings and plays have touched the lives of many people. At some point in our lives, whether we are aware of it or not, we have all come across a poem, play or perhaps even an old adage that was written by William Shakespeare that has captured our attention. I still remember the very first time I read Romeo and Juliet in high school. The story was one of the most memorable pieces of literature that I recallRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe very ï ¬ rst word following the dramatis personae in the text of William Shakespeare s comedy, Twelfth Night, or What You Will, is Music. The first thing that playgoers hear at the beginning is music. This music is being played for a duke, a powerful lord residing over the setting of all the characters. He is surrounded by other lords and his attendant, Curio. The duke, Orsino, cannot help but comment: If music be the food of love, play on, Give me excess of itRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1155 Words   |  5 Pagesmany aspects. Sometimes they may try to force people to act upon certain rules that define their place in society. They often try to meet expectations that society has made for them based on gender and social status. William Shakespeare reinforces these ideas in his play Twelfth Night, which introduces many meaningful messages about situations that still occur in society today. He clearly develops important themes worthy of analysis. A few of these strong themes are about stereotypes and society’sRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1218 Words   |  5 PagesTwelfth Night, a romantic piece by William Shakespeare expresses a complex love triangle in the village of Illyria. One of the primary protagonists, Viola is washed up onto the shores during violent storms that separate her and her biological twin brother Sebastian. Viola is uncertain if her brother Sebastian survived. It is a coincidence, that the tragic shipwreck carried Viola to the enemy state (Illyria). Unfortunately, this forces the character to go into disguise in order to survive on the maleRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1979 Words   |  8 Pageshas died. This is extremely emotionally tolling both on the nurses and the patients and lying seems like a kinder option. A situation such as this one would be deception to gain something but is helping the person being lied to. In William Shakespeare s Twelfth Night, one main characters, Viola, wakes up on the shores of Illyria after a shipwreck in which her brother has presumably died. She formulates a plan to work for the Duke, Orsino who is hopelessly in love with the sought-after Olivia. ThisRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1106 Words   |  5 Pagescharacters. Before movies, people learned about love in literature. Even in the old literature, love was a common theme. In Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Twelfth Nightâ⠂¬ , different types of love between the characters are investigated. Each of the characters’ relationships play a role in the development of the story. The first and main type of love in â€Å"Twelfth Night is true love. The story’s plot is driven by the complicated love triangle between Orsino, Viola, and Olivia. However, Viola’s love is the only trueRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1162 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare, the favorite dramatist of all time fascinates himself with the usage of the language of Elizabethan poetic drama. His plays were lived to a full appreciation and pleasure. One of his most common plays full of comedies, twelfth night published in 1623, was written with a well hatched plot where the analysis on love is brought in both comic and tragic situation. The reader will note the three very different story lines within these paragraphs. The following prognostications will outline

Low Morale of Prisoners Free Essays

The prison employees safety is in jeopardy. Prison positions always carried a moderate amount of risk. Prisons are filled with people who believe that rules and regulations serve no purpose. We will write a custom essay sample on Low Morale of Prisoners or any similar topic only for you Order Now These people violated the rules to the extent that they were removed from society.   Prisoners never deny nor apologize for their behavior. Making excuses for uncivilized behavior allows the low morale to never be acknowledged. Refusing to acknowledge the low morale problem among prisoners stops solutions from being possible. Causes of the Low Morale Among Prisoners There are as many outside influences for the low morale of prisoners as their own beliefs and opinions.   Giving in to easily to persuasion, wanting to be accepted, wanting friends and associates are the factors that are least acknowledged. Psychiatrists analyze   behavior and characteristics by social skills. However, wanting to have friends and please people leaves an opening to be influenced into unacceptable behavior. Today, no one can be certain if associates are really friends or enemies. Some of the current studies are mental illnesses, malnutrition, isolation, guards behavior and lack of rehabilitation and psychiatric programs are causing prisoners to have a lower regard for human life. Psychological games the guards use to cause the inmates to lose their individuality and focus contribute to low morale.   The system is set up so the prisoners frame of mind never changes for the better. Segregation in Maximum Security Prisons In maximum security prisons, â€Å"The prisoners spend 23 hours a day in small well lit cells, for one hour a day they have access to one small concrete recreation area† (Bender, November 4, 2005, P 15).   According to the study from Psychiatric News, segregation worsens behavior. With conditions like these, the prisoners learn is if they survive another day, they are doing the right thing.   They lose all knowledge of social skills. The only mental health treatment they are allowed is a brief time with the psychotherapists. The counseling is conducted in front of other inmates cells. Lack of treatment for drug and alcohol addiction is another problem in the prisons. â€Å"So far, one prisoner who repeatedly ends up in prison cost tax payers over $200,00† ( Imse, 2007).   The system does very little to correct the situation. The drug addicts cannot overcome the habit on their own. According to the Rocky Mountain News, the expenses of the medication and therapy is one of the reasons many prisoners do not get the proper treatment they need. According to the Human Rights Watch article, prisoners spent at least 23 hours during their daily activities along. The majority of damage to the prisoners is psychological. There is very little or no evidence of physical abuse. Mental humiliation and torture is impossible to prove. Conclusion Maximum security prisoners have a very low morale because of the psychological abuse they go through day after day. According to the latest research, isolation has the biggest impact on prisoner’s behavior. They are isolated, but are constantly watched. People in maximum security prisons are segregated because they have came across   secrets they were not supposed to. Bender, E, Psychiatric News (November 4, 2005), Volume 40, Number 21, P 15  © 2005 American Psychiatric Association Human Rights Watch (2000) HWR.ORG Imse, A, (Feb 16, 2007) Rocky Mountain News. Revolving Door to State Prisons Human Rights Watch, (February 2000) Vol. 12, No 1 G Out of Sight: Super-Maximum Security Confinement in the United States How to cite Low Morale of Prisoners, Essay examples

Organizational Responsiveness and Innovation Strategy

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Responsiveness and Innovation Strategy. Answer: Introduction: In todays more competitive business era, the marketing decision makers of the business firms must monitor all the business activities of their competitors in a continuous manner. Moreover, the decision makes must evaluate marketing mix (MM) components such as: product, price, place, and promotion of the competitors in order to accomplish competitive advantages in an effective way. The marketing decision makers must examine the products of the competitors before launching a new product in the marketplace (Verhoef and Leeflang, 2009). Moreover, they should also consider the price of the competitors before deciding the price of the product. The marketing decision make must choose the location that will be easily accessible by the customers. In addition to this, they must adopt and implement effective promotional strategies to promote their products and to improve the productivity as well as profitability of the firms in an appropriate way. On the other hand, it should also be noted down that, in todays rapidly changing business scenario, business firms are also changing their MM components to improve the market share, brand loyalty, brand awareness, and profitability of businesses in a more comprehensive manner. Marketing decision makers must evaluate quality and features of the products in order to recognize the strong or weak points of the products (Wei and Wang, 2011). Moreover, with the help of this, they would be able to reduce weak points of the products in a proper way. The MM components also play a significant role in order to improve the profitability and to reduce the different types of costs linked to the marketing of products. Along with this, the decision makers of a firm must evaluate the prices of competitors products constantly and also change the price of products accordingly to attract new customers and to retain existing customers in an effective way (Zhou, Brown, Dev and Agarwal, 2007). This strategy would also be helpful to improve the profitability as well as market share of the firm. It is because of by evaluating competitors price; the firm would be able to provide high quality products to its customers at a lower cost. On the other hand, it should also be noted down that, the sale of some firms such as: Car manufacturing firms fluctuates as per the economic changes of the nation. So, in this situation, the marketing decision makers of a car manufacturing firm change its MM components according to the changes in the economy and changes in the competitors prices to maintain the demand of products effectively. Apart from this, during the recession, the demand of luxury products like cars decline rapidly that also reduces the profits of the firms (Ehmke, Fulton and Lusk, 2005). In that case, the business firms reduce prices of products in order to maintain demand and also improve the market share of the firm in a significant way. Along with this, the pricing strategies of the business firms are based on different elements such as: interest rates, schemes, offers, etc. Most of the companies adopt low price strategies to accomplish competitive advantages over competitors. Moreover, with the help of low pricing strategies, business firms become able to improve customer value and brand image of the businesses. For case, Wal-Mart offers low price products to its customers, so the competitors of Wal-Mart must consider low pricing strategies to decide the price of their products (Czinkota and Ronkainen, 2006). Apart from this, high price of products may dangerous for the success and growth of the business. The marketing decision makers must also consider schemes, discounts, and offers of competitors before changing the price of products. This thing would be helpful to attract customers and to improve profitability of the firms. On the other hand, marketing decision makers of business organizations must monitor promotional as well as marketing activities of the competitors to make out target markets or target customers of competitors. It would be helpful to improve the brand awareness and brand loyalty of the businesses (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2011). In todays advanced technological era, business organizations take help of the Internet to promote their products or services at the global level. Moreover, they also use social media sites (Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, etc.), print media, and broadcasting, and so on to create brand awareness about their products. Consequently, the marketing decision makers must choose the best medium of the promotions in order to create brand awareness among the customers. So, it is assumed that, the marketing decision makers must monitor the modern promotional trends to change their MM components in order to attract new customers and to accomplish growth in the marketplace. Fu rthermore, marketing decision makers must assess the quality and feature of the competitors products to accomplish growth and to improve share in the market (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor, 2006). Also, decision makers must take decision related to location (distribution) on the basis of distribution strategies of their competitors. In addition to this, by monitoring the promotional efforts of the competitors, business firms are changing their advertising and promotional strategies to improve and maintain their brand image or reputation in the marketplace. For case, Coco-Cola and PepsiCo Inc is the major rivals of each other in the beverage sector. In this case, if Coco-Cola focuses and also spends more funds on its promotional activities then PepsiCo Inc. should also focus on its promotional activities. If PepsiCo Inc. does not focus on the promotional efforts or activities then it may lose its market share as well as brand loyalty in the marketplace (Dost, 2006). Along with this, both firms are offering similar types of beverage products, so if they do not consider and monitor marketing mix (MM) activities then it would be hazardous for the health of the organizations. For that reason, it is assumed that, the decision makers of the business firms must monitor marketing activities and marketing mix components o f their competitors to accomplish the desired outcomes and competitive advantages in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. References Czinkota, M. and Ronkainen, I. (2006). International Marketing. USA: Cengage Learning. Dost, C. (2006). International Marketing Strategies: Example: Coca Cola. Germany: GRIN Verlag. Ehmke, C., Fulton, J. and Lusk, J. (2005). Marketing's Four P's: First Steps for New Entrepreneurs. Purdue University, Purdue Extension. Lamb, C.W., Hair, J. F. and McDaniel, C. (2011). Essentials of Marketing. Australia: Cengage Learning. Pride, W., Hughes, R. and Kapoor, J. (2006). Business Looseleaf Version. Australia: Cengage Learning. Verhoef, P.C. and Leeflang, P.S.H. (2009). Understanding the Marketing Departments Influence within the Firm. Journal of Marketing 73, pp. 1-42. Wei, Y. and Wang, Q. (2011). Making sense of a market information system for superior performance: The roles of organizational responsiveness and innovation strategy. Industrial Marketing Management 40, pp. 267277. Zhou, K.Z., Brown, J.R., Dev, C.S. and Agarwal, S. (2007). The effects of customer and competitor orientations on performance in global markets: a contingency analysis. Journal of International Business Studies, 38, pp. 303319.